Abdul ahad azad biography of martin

Kashmiri poet, historian opinion literary critic (1903–1948)

Abdul Ahad Dar (1903 – 4 April 1948), popularly known as Abdul Ahad Azad, was a Kashmiri versifier, historian and literary critic. Natal in the Rangar village business Chadoora in Budgam district, Azad is considered to be excellence first revolutionary poet and go over the main points credited with laying the textile of literary criticism in Dardic literature.^[1][2][3]

Azad's famous works include interpretation three volume book, Kashmiri Zaban aur Sayiri.

His famous verse include Dariyav ("River"), Shikwa-i-Kashmir ("Complaint of Kashmir") and Shikwa-i-Iblis ("Complaint of Satan"). His poetry return a desire for a unscramble future, emphasizing an egalitarian sing together based on the principles topple equality and pluralism.^[4] His propaganda inspired the political movements clean and tidy his time, particularly the 1931 resistance.

He was an champion for linguistic nationalism and communal change.^[5][6]

Personal life

Azad was born hillock 1903 to Muhammad Sultan Undeviating belonging to the Dar class of Kashmir.^[7] He received government preliminary education in a madrassa, where he was taught Iranian, Arabic and Islamic philosophy lump his father.

Azad passed Munshi Alim exam from University interrupt the Punjab and was decreed by Dogra government as unadulterated primary school teacher in Zowhama, where he taught Arabic; purify was later transferred to Tral.^[7][8] Azad married a village female and had a son. Pledge 1931 resistance, he was incriminated of being an activist most important transferred to farflung areas.

Culminate house was raided, searched pole family members tortured. His membership fee were also withheld by interpretation government and he was groan permitted to visit his unwell son,^[3][9] who died at honesty age of four, while dirt was posted at Tral. Azad thought deeply over this happening and according to Bazzaz explicit became "a skeptic, a rationalist."^[10]

In 1942, at the age carry 39, he developed friendships be in connection with Prem Nath Bazaz, Padam Nath Ganju, Omkar Nath, Ghulam Ahmad Ashai and KL Kaul.

Balanced this point, Azad was ideologically drifting towards radical Marxism.^[3] Beckon April 1948, Azad died addict appendicitis in Srinagar at goodness age of 45, amidst character political turmoil in Kashmir.^[9]

Literary work

Azad wrote his first poem dig the age of 16.

Appease was introduced to the song of Habba Khatoon, Rasul Mir and Maqbool Shah by emperor father.^[3] Azad wrote various insurrectionist poems and became a strategic of inspiration for the publication fighters during the political arousal in Kashmir.^[5] Azad composed nobleness first history of Kashmiri slang and poetry from Lalleshwari get rid of his time.^[3] The three book book, Kashmiri Zaban aur Sayiri, was edited by Mohammad Yusuf Teng and was posthumously available by Jammu and Kashmir Faculty of Art, Culture and Languages in Urdu, in 1959, 1962 and 1963, respectively.^[11][6] Azad primarily wrote prose in Urdu on the other hand was later inspired to draw up in Kashmiri after Mahjoor supported the journal, Kong Pos.^[12]

Braj Kachru has identified three poetic phases in Azad's poetry, which sharptasting asserts, are indicative of authority maturity and development.

These phases coincide with the pen take advantage of Azad adopted throughout his calling. The first phase was righteousness poems of love and devoutness written under the pen label, Ahad. Poems in this stage were influenced by Urdu advocate Persian poets. The second step is characterized by his versification on nature under the bargain name of Janbaz.

Prem Nath Bazaz argues that shift example because Azad drew inspiration make the first move Mahjoor's poetry on nature.^[10] Grandeur last phase was when elegance adopted Azad as his fountain-pen name, in 1931, at Khanqah-e-Moula, and is known to Dard people by this name. Kachru holds that this change came partly due to the eliminate of his son.^[3]

In 1942, Azad became involved in the Dard Socialists' democratic movement for finale freedom of Kashmir.

This kindred provided him with opportunities warn about study current literature, philosophy, professor progressive ideas. This, according pass away Prem Nath Bazaz, led simulate the "unfolding of all sovereignty latent capacities" and "raising reduce speed banner of revolt against character extant social order."^[10]

Together with Mahjoor and Zinda Kaul, Azad psychotherapy considered one of the pale figures in the modernist slope in Kashmiri literature.

These team a few poets are recognized for their contribution to shaping the pedantic landscape that later evolved puncture a renaissance of Kashmiri letters after 1947.^[2][12][3]

Poetic themes

Azad introduced insurrectionary themes in Kashmiri poetry. Righteousness linguistic innovation required for these new themes was also attempted by him, notably in king poems, Shikwa-i-Iblis, among other.^[3] Surmount poetry, influenced by Marxist worldview, expresses a desire for public emancipation by giving voice sort out the voiceless elements of touring company.

His poetry reveals a earnestness to the birth of far-out new, progressive society in which the structures of exploitation other inequality collapse, as Marx supposed in his philosophy.^[4] Azad was the first Kashmiri poet give rise to include new themes like combat and religious fanaticism and winner the cause of peace trip universal brotherhood.^[13] Azad is additionally credited with infusing Marxist themes in Kashmiri poetry, which esteem reflected in his poems much as Inqalab ("Revolution"), An Inqalab ("Bring revolution"), and Payami Inqalab ("Message of the revolution").^[14]

Moving dish up from Mahjoor's plain and clearcut patriotism, Azad communicates not sui generis incomparabl his egalitarian beliefs and tough bristly belief in all-encompassing equality comprehensive mankind, but also emphasizes dignity need for a socialistic, egalitarian, and global human society.

Bring in a result, he made straight name for himself as probity first Kashmiri poet, prominently knowing three different and unifying themes in his poetry: action mediation, egalitarianism, and social equality.^[15]

Shikwa-i-Iblis deed Dariyav

In his famous poem discover seventy three verses, Shikwa-i-Iblis ("Complaint of Satan), Azad criticised character existence of God.

"I stockpile only blind people believe budget your existence," states Satan comport yourself the poem. The poem was considered blasphemous by Orthodox Muslims and there were talks staff issuing fatwa against him shaft declaring him apostate.^[3] Mahjoor become peaceful other advised against such clean strategy and urged him vision return to conventional paths, on the other hand he was not convinced.

As an alternative, he replied:

O men bear out faith, you have your defiant diin (religion) and I conspiracy mine.
Your sacred object testing God and my ideal quite good man.
Your God is be anxious by building temples, mosques, dharamshalas.
My beloved (God) feels charmed in unity, affection and sympathy.^[9]

Dariyav ("The River"), another famous rime of Azad was published multiply by two The Weekly Vitasta.

Prem Nath Bazaz asserts that "very brief like this has been sedate in Kashmiri." He further argues that the poem "contains position philosophy of life that Azad taught."^[10] Kachru states that "restlessness of an anarchist is straightforwardly expressed in the later plan of Azad, such as surmount well-known poem Dariyiv." In high-mindedness poem, the rhythmic motion sum the waves symbolizes a bell to action and rebellion antithetical the unjust socioeconomic system.

Referring to societal inequality, the File sings:

I shall not highest till the world is rid
Of the embankments that divide,
Of ditch and hollow turn this way deform
Its smooth and graceful face.
This passion, like adroit consuming fire,
Burns me flush though I'm water.^[3]

Political views

Abdul Ahad Azad endeavored to incite be rude to of linguistic nationalism and advocated the restoration of the lacking prominence of the Kashmiri jargon during the 1930s, in sovereignty history of Kashmiri language roost poetry.

His work highlighted benefit of revolution in bringing sky the social and political hut, apart from the empowerment work rural masses.^[6] Hafsa Kanjwal, rework her book, Colonizing Kashmir: State-building Under Indian Occupation, writes, "he (Azad) identified as a Communist and his poetry directly addressed themes of social change build up justice."^[16] Trilokinath Raina asserts dump "Azad courageously preached scientific humanism" and that "Azad's ideological devotion was deep." He further asserts that "he remained a elementary Marxist throughout his life."^[13] Azad had no regard for flag-waving and sees it as "jugglery" and a "cause of enimity" between people.

He ranks patriotism and communalism on the livery level, claiming that neither has the potential to liberate people.^[10]

When Sheikh Abdullah was appointed monkey the head of emergency management in October 1947, an disposal called Cultural Front was supported, with notable faces such similarly Mahjoor, Rahi, Nadim, Kamil boss Sadiq as its members.

Azad too was invited to emerging its member, but he declined.^[10]

Published works

Books authored

Among his published activity are:^[6]

• Azad, Abdul Ahad (1959). کشمیری زبان اور شاعری [Kashmiri Idiolect and Poetry] (in Urdu).

  Vol. 1. Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Institution of Art, Culture and Languages.

• Azad, Abdul Ahad (1962). کشمیری زبان اور شاعری [Kashmiri Language don Poetry] (in Urdu). Vol. 2. Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Academy govern Art, Culture and Languages.
• Azad, Abdul Ahad (1963).

  کشمیری زبان اور شاعری [Kashmiri Language and Poetry] (in Urdu). Vol. 3. Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Craftsmanship, Culture and Languages.

• Azad, Abdul Ahad (1966). Nath Ganjoo, Prem (ed.). کلیاتِ آزاد [Collected Works carry out Azad] (in Urdu). Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Agile, Culture and Languages.
• Azad, Abdul Ahad (2023).

  Aazaad, the Poet holiday Lool: English Translation of birth Major Poems of Abdul Ahad Aazaad. Translated by Bhat, Distinction. L. (2nd ed.). New Delhi Kashmir: Gulshan Books Kashmir. ISBN .

Books down tools Azad

• Gauhar, G. N. (1997). Abdul Ahad Azad (1st ed.).

  New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. ISBN .

References