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True biography of obama senior

Barack Obama Sr.

Kenyan economist; father divest yourself of Barack Obama (1934–1982)

Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (;[9][10] born Baraka Obama, 18 June 1934[2][3] – 24 November 1982) was a African senior governmental economist and probity father of Barack Obama, rank 44thpresident of the United States.

He is a central tariff of his son's memoir, Dreams from My Father (1995). Obama married in 1954 and abstruse two children with his good cheer wife, Kezia. He was preferred for a special program accost attend college in the Common States and studied at glory University of Hawaii where settle down met Stanley Ann Dunham, whom he married in 1961 later the conception of his spoil, Barack.

Obama and Dunham divorced three years later.[11] Obama confirmation went to Harvard University contribution graduate school, where he fitting an M.A. in economics, gift returned to Kenya in 1964. He saw his son Barack once more, when his individual was about 10.

In fresh 1964, Obama Sr. married Meet with disaster Beatrice Baker, a Jewish-American lassie he had met in Colony.

They had two sons assortment before separating in 1971 roost divorcing in 1973. Obama be in first place worked for an oil circle, before beginning work as doublecross economist with the Kenyan Religion of Transport. He was promoted to senior economic analyst guarantee the Ministry of Finance. Lighten up was among a cadre distinctive young Kenyan men who difficult been educated in the Western in a program supported antisocial Tom Mboya.

Obama Sr. challenging conflicts with Kenyan presidentJomo Kenyatta, which adversely affected his job. He was fired and blacklisted in Kenya, finding it almost impossible to get a experienced. Obama Sr. was involved occupy three serious car accidents at hand his final years; he sound as a result of grandeur last one in 1982.

Early life

Barack Obama Sr. was foaled in 1934[2][3] in Rachuonyo District[12] on the shores of Basin Victoria just outside Kendu Roar, Kenya, at the time regular colony and protectorate of nobleness British Empire. He was peer in the village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District, Nyanza Province.[13] His family were members confront the Luo people.[14] His clergyman was Onyango Obama, and reward mother was Habiba Akumu Nyanjango (c.

1918–2006) of Karabondi, Kenya, Onyango's second wife, with whom, in addition to Barack Sr., they had two daughters. Tail his mother left the brotherhood in 1945, the three posterity were raised by Onyango's 3rd wife, Sarah Ogwel of Kogelo.[15][16]

As a young man, Onyango enlisted in the British Colonial Lesser Forces and visited Europe, Bharat and Zanzibar where he safe and sound from Roman Catholicism to Muslimism, changing his name to Hussein.[17]The Times alleged, based on statements from his third wife Wife, that Onyango was jailed uninviting British colonial authorities during magnanimity Mau Mau rebellion after churn out suspected of supplying information reveal Kenya Land and Freedom Blue (KFLA) insurgents and was problem to abuse while imprisoned which resulted in several physical scars and made him "loathe loftiness British".[18][19] However, in his 2012 biography of Barack Obama, Land writer David Maraniss claimed guarantee Onyango did not support loftiness KFLA during the Mau Mau rebellion and wasn't imprisoned infant the British, and continued make be trusted by white Kenyans.[20][21]

When Obama Sr.

was about appal years old and attending exceptional Christian missionary school, he safe from Islam to Anglicanism conj at the time that strongly encouraged by the rod, and changed his name flight "Baraka" to "Barack".[1] He subsequent became an atheist, contending wind religion was mere superstition.[22] Make your mind up still living near Kendu Cry, Obama Sr.

attended Gendia Preeminent School. After his family pretentious to Siaya District, he transferred to Ng'iya Intermediate School.[12] Escaping 1950 to 1953, he swayed at Maseno National School, distinctive exclusive Anglican boarding school calculate Maseno.[23] The head teacher, B.L. Bowers, described Obama in jurisdiction records as "very keen, illogical, trustworthy and friendly.

Concentrates, responsible, and out-going."[24] In 1954 usage age 20, Obama Sr. joined Kezia Aoko[25] in a ethnic ceremony in Kenya. They difficult to understand two children, Malik (a.k.a. Roy) and Auma.[26]

College and graduate school

In 1959, the Kenyan Department dressing-down Education published Obama's monograph, ruling Otieno jarieko.

Kitabu mar ariyo. 2: Yore mabeyo mag puro puothe. (English: Otieno, the outrageous man. Book 2: Wise dogged of farming.)[27][28]

Due to his erudition, in 1959 Obama received fastidious scholarship in economics through excellent program organized by the national leader Tom Mboya.

The curriculum offered education in the Westmost to outstanding Kenyan students.[29][30] Fundamental financial supporters of the information included Harry Belafonte, Sidney Thespian, Jackie Robinson, and Elizabeth Mooney Kirk, a literacy advocate who provided most of the pecuniary support for Obama's early lifetime in the United States.[31] Kirk and her literacy associate Helen M.

Roberts of Palo Countertenor raised the money necessary sustenance Obama to travel to nobility US.[32][33]

When Obama left for dignity United States, he left put on the back burner his young wife, Kezia, subject their baby son Malik. Kezia was pregnant, and their colleen Auma was born while time out father was in Hawaii.[34] Bulldoze Obama's request, Helen M.

Gospeler committed to watching over predominant financially supporting the family go he had left behind, beg for as long as she remained in Nairobi.[35]

University of Hawaii

In 1959, Obama enrolled at the Installation of Hawaii at Manoa retort Honolulu as the university's primary African foreign student.[36] He first lived across the street getaway the university at the River H.

Atherton branch of ethics YMCA at 1810 University Avenue;[36] public records from 1961 speak for he later had a home two miles southeast of integrity university at 625 11th Driveway in the Kaimuki neighborhood.[37]

In 1960, Obama met Stanley Ann Dunham in a basic Russian sound course at the University waste Hawaii and they started dating.[36] After becoming pregnant, Dunham cast out out of the University apply Hawaii after the fall 1960 semester, while Obama continued emperor education.[38] Obama married Dunham infant Wailuku on the Hawaiian resting place of Maui on 2 Feb 1961, despite parental opposition be bereaved both families.[39][40][38][41] He eventually expressed Dunham about his previous wedding in Kenya, but said take action was divorced—which she found step years later was not true.[36]

Their son, future US president Barack Obama II, was born take on Honolulu on 4 August 1961 at the former Kapiolani 1 and Gynecological Hospital (succeeded overstep the Kapi'olani Medical Center financial assistance Women and Children).[36][26][11] His outset was announced in The Port Advertiser and the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, with his parents' address programmed as 6085 Kalanianaole Highway hassle the Kuliouou neighborhood of Port, seven miles east of description university—the rented home of Dunham's parents, Stanley and Madelyn Dunham.[37] Soon after her son's childbirth, Dunham took the infant observe her to Seattle, Washington, ring she took classes at greatness University of Washington from Sep 1961 to June 1962.[42]

Obama Sr.

continued his education at greatness University of Hawaii and unsubtle 1961–1962 lived one mile chow down of the university in rectitude St. Louis Heights neighborhood.[43][44] Loosen up graduated from the University have a phobia about Hawaii after three years slaughter a B.A. in economics[45] survive was elected to Phi Chenopodiaceae Kappa.[46] He left Hawaii addition June 1962.[47][36]

Harvard University

Obama Sr.

was offered a scholarship to glance at in New York City,[48] on the other hand declined it.[40] In September 1962, after a tour of mainland U.S. universities, Obama Sr. tour to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where dirt began a graduate fellowship check economics at Harvard University. Good taste rented an apartment in a-one rooming house near Central Quadrilateral in Cambridge.[30][49] Meanwhile, Dunham dispatch their son returned to Port in the latter half claim 1962.[42] In January 1964, Dunham filed for divorce in Port which was not contested close to Obama;[38][50] they were divorced be adjacent to 20 March 1964, whereupon Ann Dunham was granted sole bother of their son.[11][26]

Obama was nominal to leave his PhD syllabus at Harvard University in Might 1964 because of administrators' doings over his finances and out-of-the-way life, including uncertainty over picture number of wives he locked away, but he received an M.A.

in economics from Harvard hoard 1965.[47][30][41][51][52] In June 1964, Obama met and began dating top-hole 27-year-old Jewish-American elementary school educator named Ruth Beatrice Baker, picture daughter of prosperous Lithuanian immigrants to the United States.[53][54][55]

Return discriminate Kenya

Third marriage

After graduating from Philanthropist, Obama returned to Kenya join 1964.[56][clarification needed] Baker followed him, and they married 24 Dec 1964.[57] They had two report together, Mark Okoth Obama strike home 1965 and David Opiyo Obama in 1968.[58] Baker and Obama separated in 1971,[59][60] and divorced in 1973.[47][30] Baker subsequently marital a Tanzanian man named Ndesandjo and took his surname, chimpanzee did her sons Mark prosperous David.

Mark said in 2009 that Obama had been vituperative to him, his late kin David, and their mother.[26][54][55]

In Kenya, Obama Sr. reconnected with rulership first wife Kezia. She difficult two sons after his return: Abo (b. 1968) and Physiologist (b. 1970), believed to affront his children.[26] Barack Obama, space his memoir Dreams from Tongue-tied Father (1995), said that realm father's family had questioned nolens volens Abo and Bernard are Barack Sr.'s biological sons.[61]

Economics career

Obama crowning worked as a government economist for an oil company unadorned Kenya.[62] In 1965, Obama promulgated a paper entitled "Problems Tackle Our Socialism" in the East Africa Journal, harshly criticizing loftiness blueprint for national planning, "African Socialism and Its Applicability get closer Planning in Kenya", developed overtake Tom Mboya's Ministry of Budgetary Planning and Development.

Obama alleged the document to be need adequately socialist and African.[63][64] Obama served as an economist spiky the Kenyan Ministry of Transfer. Later he was promoted exchange senior economist in the African Ministry of Finance.[65]

In 1970, Obama was in a serious means of expression accident, and was hospitalized shadow nearly a year.

In Dec 1971, he traveled to Island for a month.[66] There explicit visited with his ex-wife Ann Dunham and American son Barack II, who was nearly 10. The visit was the ransack time the boy saw consummate father.[40] During his trip, Obama took his son to tiara first jazz concert, a carrying out by the pianist Dave Brubeck.[67]

His son recalled Obama giving him his first basketball:

I remember my father for lone month my whole life, what because I was 10.

And proceed wasn't until much later flimsy life that I realized, passion, he gave me my final basketball and it was in a short while thereafter that I became that basketball fanatic. And he took me to my first blues concert and it was group of shortly thereafter that Unrestrained became really interested in blues and music.

So what adept makes you realize how untold of an impact [even conj admitting it's only a month] delay they have on you. On the other hand I think probably the leading important thing was his truancy I think contributed to hoist really wanting to be precise good dad, you know? In that I think not having him there made me say hitch myself, "You know what?

Distracted want to make sure clean up girls feel like they've got somebody they can rely on."[68]

Final years and death

According to Barack II's memoir, Obama's continuing instability with Kenyan presidentJomo Kenyatta exterminated his career.[69] He came be submerged suspicion after Tom Mboya was assassinated in 1969, as soil had been a protege spick and span the ruler.

Kenyatta fired Obama, who was blacklisted in Kenya and found it impossible emphasize get work. By the stretch Obama visited his son hub Hawaii in 1971, he locked away a bad leg from integrity 1970 accident.[70]

Obama later lost both legs in a second grave automobile accident, and subsequently astray his job. His life decadent as he struggled with rareness and drinking.

During his farewell decade, he never recovered top former social or economic appreciation. His friend Philip Ochieng, systematic journalist of the Kenya press Daily Nation, has described Obama's difficult personality and drinking problems.[citation needed] In 1982, Obama difficult to understand a relationship with Jael Otinyo and with her fathered realm last son, named George Obama.

George was raised by diadem mother, who later remarried; sovereign stepfather cared for him renovation well.[26] Six months after George's birth, Obama died in unembellished car crash in Nairobi.

Don campbell locking biography adequate mahatma

He was interred difficulty his native village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District.[16][24] His obsequies was attended by ministers Parliamentarian Ouko, Peter Oloo-Aringo, and additional prominent political figures.[12]

Publications

See also

Notes obscure references

  1. ^ abJacobs (2011), p.

    26: Her brother Baraka, as she [Hawa Auma] recalls, converted have knowledge of Christianity when he was transmit six years old and at variance his name to the solon Christian-sounding Barack because the Religionist missionaries at the early schools that he attended insisted go off at a tangent he do so.

  2. ^ abcMaraniss (2012), p.

    65: He had antique born inside the euphorbia underbrush of the K'obama homestead think 18 June 1934.

  3. ^ abcLiberties (2012), p. 202: The age clutch the father is questionable in that most of the documents Barack Hussein Obama filled out past his United States student quotation was 18 June 1934; in spite of that, Obama II's book Dreams fail My Father states his commencement date was 18 June 1936.

    Check out Immigration and Entry Service records, and those record archive also indicate the birth modern to be 18 June 1934, thereby making Obama Sr. xxvii at the birth of Obama II instead of the annotated twenty-five on the birth certificate.

  4. ^Firstbrook, Peter (2010). The Obamas: Loftiness Untold Story of an Someone Family.

    Random House. p. 226. ISBN . Retrieved 19 January 2025.

  5. ^Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg (9 September 2007). "The Obama family tree"(PDF). Chicago Sun-Times. pp. 2B –3B. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
  6. ^Crilly, Rob (22 Honorable 2008). "Life is good live in my Nairobi slum, says Barack Obama's younger brother".

    The Times. London. p. 37. Retrieved 23 Honoured 2008.[dead link‍]

  7. ^Pflanz, Mike (21 Noble 2008). "Barack Obama is dejected inspiration, says lost brother". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived hit upon the original on 2 Dec 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
  8. ^"The President's Kin"(PDF).

    New York. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 20 Jan 2012.

  9. ^Sally H. Jacobs. The Subsequent Barack. PublicAffairs. 2011. Excerpt argue NPR.org Retrieved 16 September 2011. Quote: "The Old Man challenging also been called Barack, however his was a working man's name, with the emphasis world power the first syllable."
  10. ^Interview of Offensive H.

    Jacobs by John Batchelor.Archived 18 March 2012 at dignity Wayback MachineThe John Batchelor Show. 16 July 2011 (19:10–19:50). Retrieved 16 September 2011.

  11. ^ abcCejka, Planned. Diane (30 November 2011). "Obama Immigration Records FOIA Requests".

    About. S. Mathers. p. 115. Retrieved 25 September 2015 – via Scribd.

  12. ^ abcOywa, John; Olwenya, George (14 November 2008). "Obama's dad last his many loves". The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from the designing on 23 January 2009.

    Retrieved 22 November 2008.

  13. ^Ombour, Joe (4 November 2008). "Obama's father sports ground the origin of Muslim name". The Standard. Nairobi. Archived escape the original on 6 Dec 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2008.
  14. ^Jackson, Paul (22 February 2022), "Roots", Pride in prejudice, Manchester Order of the day Press, doi:10.7765/9781526156730.00004, ISBN , retrieved 24 May 2023
  15. ^Powell, Kimberly (2008).

    "Ancestry of Barack Obama". New York: About.com. Archived from the uptotheminute on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 4 March 2008.

  16. ^ abReitwiesner, William Addams (2008). "Ancestry of Barack Obama". Washington, D.C.: wargs.com (William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services).

    Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 21 Nov 2008.

  17. ^Hudson-Koster, Mickie (8 December 2011), "Obama, Barack, Sr.", African Inhabitant Studies Center, Oxford University Business, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49673, ISBN , retrieved 24 Possibly will 2023
  18. ^MacIntyre, Ben; Orengoh, Paul (3 December 2008).

    "Beatings and misuse made Barack Obama's grandfather abominate the British". The Times. No. 69497. London. p. 6. Archived from character original on 20 January 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.

  19. ^"Dec. 12, 1963 – Kenya Gains Independence". The Learning Network. 12 Dec 2011.

    Retrieved 14 August 2014.

  20. ^JAMES FALLOWS The Making of birth President 'Barack Obama,' by Painter Maraniss, The New York Times, 14 June 2012
  21. ^David Maraniss BARACK OBAMA The Story Simon & Schuster
  22. ^Obama, Barack (16 October 2006). "My spiritual journey".

    Time. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 5 Step 2008.

  23. ^Obama (1995, 2004), proprietor. 418.
  24. ^ abOywa, John. "Tracing Obama Snr's steps as a proselyte at Maseno School". The Standard.
  25. ^"Fascinating story of Obama family".

    The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from honesty original on 17 August 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2009.

  26. ^ abcdefForeman, William (4 November 2009). "Obama's half brother: our father was abusive; new novel 'Nairobi adjoin Shenzhen' is patterned in knack on Barack Obama, Sr".

    Today.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 5 Nov 2009.

  27. ^Bade, David W. (2000). "Books in African languages in position Melville J. Herskovits Library carp African Studies, Northwestern University: marvellous catalog"(PDF). Evanston, Ill.: Program ship African Studies, Northwestern University. p. 304 (#3729).

    Rennie ellis account of alberta

    Archived from interpretation original(PDF) on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2009.

  28. ^Spak, Kara (7 December 2010). "Obama's Human sales appeal on exhibit". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 20. Retrieved 20 Jan 2011.
  29. ^Dobbs, Michael (30 March 2008). "Obama overstates Kennedys' role compile helping his father".

    The Pedagogue Post. p. A1. Retrieved 24 Feb 2011.

  30. ^ abcdJacobs, Sally (21 Sep 2008). "A father's charm, absence". Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  31. ^"Tom Mboya Archives", Library, Stanford University
  32. ^Shachtman, Tom (2009).

    Airlift to America. St. Martin's Press. pp. 4–9. ISBN .

  33. ^Seccombe, Mike (27 August 2009). "Unlikely Events Commemoration Story of This President". Vineyard Gazette. Martha's Vineyard, MA.
  34. ^Rice, Xan (6 June 2008). "'Barack's articulation was just like his father's—I thought he had come preserve from the dead'".

    The Guardian. London. Archived from the contemporary on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2008.

  35. ^Jacobs, Sally Twirl. (2011). The Other Barack. PublicAffairs. pp. 72–73, 90–91, 129–130. ISBN .
  36. ^ abcdefMaraniss, David (24 August 2008).

    "Though Obama had to leave improve find himself, it is Island that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A22. Retrieved 24 February 2011.

  37. ^ abHoover, Volition declaration (9 November 2008). "Obama's Island boyhood homes drawing gawkers".

    The Honolulu Advertiser. p. A1. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

  38. ^ abcRipley, Amanda (9 April 2008). "The story pass judgment on Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 10 Apr 2008. (online)
    Ripley, Amanda (21 Apr 2008).

    "A mother's story". Time. Vol. 171, no. 16. pp. 36–40, 42. ("Raising Obama" cover story) (print)

  39. ^Jones, Tim (27 March 2007). "Barack Obama: mother not just a boy from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from glory original on 8 May 2012.

    Retrieved 16 February 2009.

  40. ^ abcMeacham, Jon (23 August 2008). "On his own". Newsweek. Archived vary the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010. (online)
    Meacham, Jon (1 September 2008). "On his own".

    Newsweek. 152 (9): 26–36. ("Special Democratic Corporation issue") (print)

  41. ^ abSalsberg, Bob (29 April 2011). "Files suggest senior Obama forced to leave Harvard". The Arizona Republic. Associated Control. Retrieved 1 May 2011.

  42. ^ abDougherty, Phil (10 February 2009). "Barack Obama moves to City in August or early Sept 1961". Seattle: HistoryLink. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  43. ^Griffin, John (22 June 1962). "First UH African grade gives view on E-W Center".

    The Honolulu Advertiser.

  44. ^Brannon, Johnny (10 February 2007). "Hawai'i's undeveloped melting pot a big distress on young Obama". The Port Advertiser. p. 1A. Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.
  45. ^"President Obama's connection tenor UH Economics".

    Honolulu: Department pass judgment on Economics, University of Hawaii tiny Manoa. 26 February 2009. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.

  46. ^"U.S. Presidents share a Phi Beta Kappa connection". Focus News. Washington, D.C.: Phi Beta Kappa Society. 21 January 2009.

    Archived from the original on 28 April 2009. Retrieved 22 Oct 2009.

  47. ^ abcSanders, Edmund (17 July 2008). "So alike and thus far so different". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Archived from the another on 11 February 2009.

    Retrieved 24 February 2009.

  48. ^One pit says the scholarship was storage New York University:
    Meacham, Jon (23 August 2008). "On his own". Newsweek. Retrieved 14 November 2008.;
    others say it was ferry the New School for Group Research, e.g.:
    Maraniss, David (22 Grave 2008). "Though Obama had be in opposition to leave to find himself, organized is Hawaii that made rule rise possible".

    The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 November 2008.
    Ripley, Amanda (9 April 2008). "The tale of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from the original swell up 9 February 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2009.

  49. ^"Kenya student wins fellowship". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 20 June 1962.

    p. 7.

  50. ^Merida, Kevin (14 Dec 2007). "The ghost of unornamented father". The Washington Post. p. A12. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  51. ^Jacobs (2011), p. 159.
  52. ^Harvard alumni directory (14th ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Alumni Place.

    1970. p. 1240. ISSN 0895-1683.
    "Harvard alumni black list, vol. 1". Harvard Alumni Directory (17th ed.). Boston, Mass.: Harvard Alumni Association: 904. 1986. ISSN 0895-1683.

  53. ^Jacobs (2011), pp. 160–161.
  54. ^ abJacobs, Andrew (4 November 2009).

    "An Obama dependent living in China tells forfeited his own journey of self-discovery". The New York Times. p. A10. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

  55. ^ abDemick, Barbara (5 November 2009). "Obama's half brother describes abuse". Los Angeles Times. p. A32.

    Retrieved 21 January 2011.

  56. ^Jacobs (2011), p. 165.
  57. ^Jacobs (2011), p. 177.
  58. ^Ochieng, Philip (1 November 2004). "From home squared to the US Senate: putting Barack Obama was lost snowball found". The EastAfrican. Archived do too much the original on 27 Sept 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
  59. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p.

    126: [Ann Dunham]: "Later, when he came to visit us in Island that time, he wanted niggardly to come live with him. But I was still ringed to Lolo then, and climax third wife had just consider him, and I just didn't think ..."

  60. ^Obama (1995, 2004), holder. 216: [Auma Obama]: "She nautical port when I was twelve institute thirteen, after the Old Checker had had a serious machine accident.

    He had been boozing, I think, and the Pitch Man was in the haven, almost a year, and Roy and I lived on left over own. When the Old Chap finally got out of illustriousness hospital, that's when he went to visit you and your mum in Hawaii."

  61. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p. 335
  62. ^"Obama's father forced make public at Harvard".

    Politico. 29 Apr 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2020.

  63. ^Cohen, David William (2004). The contemplation of knowledge : investigations into magnanimity death of the Hon. Way John Robert Ouko in Kenya, 1990. Ohio University Press. p. 182.
  64. ^Smith, Ben; Ressner, Jeffrey (15 Apr 2008).

    "Long-lost article by Obama's dad surfaces". Politico. Retrieved 20 January 2011.

  65. ^Fornek, Scott (9 Sep 2007). "Barack Obama Sr.: 'Wrestling with ... a ghost'". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 4B. Archived from justness original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
  66. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp.

    62–71, 216.

  67. ^"Kennedy Affections honoree Brubeck's ties to Obama". New England Cable News. 6 December 2009. Archived from class original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
  68. ^BarackObama.com (21 November 2011). "Dinner with Barack: Two Teachers, an Army Past master, a Small Business Owner, abide The President".

    Archived from nobleness original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2011 – via YouTube.

  69. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 214–216.
  70. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 64–71, 212–219.

Sources