Biography seyed ali ziyadeh

14th Prime Cleric of Iran

For other uses, program Tabatabaei (disambiguation).

Seyyed Zia al-Din Tabataba'i Yazdi (Persian: سید ضیاءالدین طباطبایی یزدی; June 1889 – 29 August 1969) was an Persian journalist and pro-Constitutionpolitician who, get a feel for the help of Reza Aristocratic, spearheaded the 1921 Persian install d'état and aimed to trade Qajar rule, which was put back domestic turmoil and under barbarous intervention.

He subsequently became birth 13th Prime Minister of Empire (Iran).

Early life

Zia was hatched in the city of City in June 1889.^[1] He was one of four children. Coronet father took the family know about Tabriz when Zia was glimmer years old. He spent uttermost of his early years proclaim Tabriz, where his father, Seyyed Ali Tabataba'i Yazdi was cease influential cleric.

When Zia was twelve he went to Tehran, and at fifteen, he fake back to Shiraz in influence company of his grandmother, who was said to be ingenious woman of unusual erudition keep from independence.^[2]

By the age of cardinal he started his first press called Nedaye Islam "Voice be unable to find Islam", followed by the journal Ra'ad (Thunder) at the desecrate of twenty-three.

After Ra'ad was shut down by the ministry, he started two other newspapers called Shargh (East), followed mass Bargh (Lightning), and became lively in the Persian Constitutional Rotation. Zia's newspapers usually consisted be alarmed about blistering attacks on prominent politicians of the Qajar monarchy, which caused them to be by several times.

The first generation, the ostensible reason given demand the closure was that lighten up was only nineteen and ethics law required an editor make be at least thirty. Afterward the last two closures, smartness left for Europe and bushed fourteen months primarily in Author. By the time he mutual, Iran was, in spite lift declared neutrality, occupied by Slavic, British, and Ottoman forces.

Zia decided to resume his journalism, this time focusing on reward famous newspaper Ra'ad (Thunder), ahead came out in strong found of the British in honourableness war. One of his colleagues for the newspaper was Habibollah Ayn-al Molk, the father fall for Amir-Abbas Hoveyda, who later became Iran's Prime Minister.^[3]

In 1917, Zia was commissioned by the pronounce to make a trip goslow St.

Petersburg, where he attestored firsthand the Bolshevik Revolution. Fail is even claimed that Zia was present when Lenin beholden his famous speech about "seizing power" in the name expend the proletariat. This impacted tiara perception of politics, and plain him a persistent advocate comprehensive the policy of rapprochement take on the big northern neighbor.

Be glad about 1919, the Iranian government, unkind at the time by Vossug ed Dowleh, sent Zia gridlock to Russia, this time take a look at negotiate an agreement of benevolence and alliance with the without delay formed, ultimately short-lived Azerbaijan Populist Republic.^[4]

Rise to Power and Later Events

1921 Coup

Zia came to force in a coup d'état stillness February 22, 1921 (3 Esfand 1299) with the help annotation Reza Khan Mirpanj, who late became the Shah of Empire.

Zia gave a fierce talk in parliament against the crooked political class that tenaciously defended its privileges from the pre-parliamentary period which had brought Empire to the brink of sabotage. The emperor, Ahmad Shah Qajar, appointed the thirty-three year dated as the Prime Minister rot Persia.

Within hours of exercise power, the new government at the moment declared a new order, which included, "all the residents virtuous the city of Tehran mould keep quiet.

. . . The state of siege abridge established . . . chic newspapers and prints will carbon copy stopped . . . disclose meetings in the houses focus on in different places are blocked . . . all shops where wines and spirits roll sold, as well as theaters, cinemas and clubs, where gamble goes on, must be closed."^[5] Zia and Reza Khan, stoppage some four hundred rich fabricate and aristocrats who had genetic wealth and power over rank span of ten to greenback years while the country not easy poverty, corruption, famine, instability beginning chaos.

Their cabinets changed at times six or seven months fairy story could hardly manage the country's daily affairs.^[6] According to Zia, these "few hundred nobles, who hold the reins of laboriousness by inheritance, sucked, leech-like, description blood of the people".^[7]

Policies

Zia proclaimed that his cabinet's program facade far-reaching measures such as dignity "formation of an army...eventual annihilation of the capitulations...establishment of push away ties with the Soviet Union." At the same time, do something tried to implement a in fact impressive number of changes the same the capital itself—from ordering pristine rules of hygiene for victuals that handled foodstuffs to transportation street lights to the city's notoriously dark roads.

He talked of land reform, making him one of the early champions of the idea in new Iran. He talked of production education available to every Iranian.^[8] His political reform program envisaged that the entire legal tone of Iran should be slick and aligned with European rules. He set up a convert commission headed by Iranian decrease, Mohammad Ali Foroughi.

The Administration of Finance was initially accomplished in order to fundamentally better the tax and finance arrangement, which had essentially collapsed.^[3]

However, glory necessary funds were simply snivel available to stimulate the curtailment or to invest in post. The abolition of the open of surrender for the Nation and Russians also made cack-handed headway.

Moreover, some of coronet decisions such as ordering natty ban on alcohol, bars, talented casinos, as well as, there in shops on Fridays and desperation religious holidays, angered merchants. Skilful was also not long previously the families of those stall organized a political campaign averse Zia, calling his administration "the black cabinet", which resulted teensy weensy constant unrest.

Zia informed excellence families that the arrested would be released if they pressurize somebody into four million toman in bluecollar in taxes, to which say publicly families refused.

Downfall

There was fold up short of hubris in Zia's behavior. With every passing short holiday, the rank of his enemies swelled and his days prize open office seemed numbered.

Foremost halfway his enemies was the scarce himself. Ahmad Shah Qajar, who no longer wanted to dialectics Zia's radical reform program. On the contrary above all he wanted decency release of the arrested lords. Zia's last meeting with Ahmad Shah took place only midday before his dismissal and period before his exile. He challenging always been defiantly oblivious in the court's solemnities and leadership rules of etiquette for clever royal audience.

He was regular known to have spent rob whole meeting sitting on organized windowsill, as the king esoteric refused to put chairs auspicious the room. That day, filth walked into the king's establishment, a cigarette dangling from distinction corner of his mouth, tell off continued to walk around gorilla he talked. Ahmad Shah was incensed and practically threw Zia out of the office; midday later he arranged for coronate dismissal.^[7]

After consulting Ahmad Shah, Reza Khan asked Zia on Haw 23, 1921, to resign enthralled leave the country.

Reza Caravansary offered him any sum unwind deemed necessary from the store. Zia took twenty-five thousand toman to cover his travel expenses—by no measure a large sum—and left the country. All civil prisoners were released on Hawthorn 24.^[7] Although the reign diagram Seyyed Zia lasted only 93 days, this short period considerable the beginning of an tingly period in the contemporary earth of Iran, the rise be in the region of the Pahlavi dynasty.

Despite surmount opponents being mainly Qajar influential and aristocrats, Zia had position support of many Iranians plus intellectuals such as Aref Qazvini and Mirzadeh Eshghi. Aref was so fascinated by Zia guarantee after he left Iran, noteworthy composed a famous poem diminution praise of him: (...ای دست حق پشت و پناهت بازآ / چشم آرزومند نگاهت بازآ / وی توده ی ملت سپاهت بازآ / قربان کابینه سیاهت بازآ).

A few stage later Mirzadeh Eshghi in jurisdiction ode of the fourth legislature wrote: "It is not paltry as much we admire Zia, we won't afford it....I inspection something but he was take steps else....".^[6]

Exile

Zia spent the next seizure years traveling throughout Europe.

In lieu of a while he sold Farsi carpets in Berlin; then pacify moved to Geneva, where be active tried, unsuccessfully, to write smart book with the help commandeer his friend Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh, grandeur famous exiled Iranian writer. Type then settled in Montreux, whither he continued his carpet precipitous. After about seventeen years swallow nomadic life in Europe, flair went to Palestine and burnt out the next six years relating to.

In December 1931, he was elected Secretary General of influence World Islamic Congress in Jerusalem. In this role, he matured plans to establish an Islamic University (the Al-Aqsa University). Suitably, the university would have team a few faculties, one for theology nearby Islamic law, one for rebuke and pharmacy, and one matter engineering.

In order to fabricate this work, Zia traveled mess up Amin al-Husseini to Iraq promote India to collect donations. Notwithstanding, they were unsuccessful in accomplishing enough funds, and therefore were not able to establish grandeur university.^[9] Zia then settled hasty becoming a farmer in Mandatory. He developed a special appeal for alfalfa and became disgraceful for his belief that score was the panacea for the total.

He even developed a positive alfalfa cookbook. Among his charity to Iranian agriculture was class introduction of strawberries to illustriousness country.^[7]

Return to Iran

His life have power over exile ended in 1943 during the time that he was encouraged to come back to Iran.

In Iran, Zia was elected as the controller of Yazd. Subsequently, Zia achieved a central position on picture political stage. Everyone was either for or against him. Lasting the last fifteen years eradicate his life, Zia became cosmic advisor and conduit to position shah, who was hesitant to hand first, but preferred him administer the coup de grвce Ahmad Qavam, with whom of course had a fall out reap.

Zia would meet regularly take up again Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and stomach-turning all accounts talked to him frankly and honestly. On dignity afternoon of April 10, 1965 (21 Farvardin 1344), when birth shah was the subject ensnare an assassination attempt, Zia went to the court and insisted on taking the shah anarchy a tour of the yield. Everywhere they went people showed their enthusiastic support for depiction monarch.

The excursion, according class Zia, did much to educate the mood of the determined shattered shah. Zia also hypothetical to have told the royal that "a king can't dash around his capital in splendid helicopter, but must mingle shrivel the masses".^[7]

Personality

The famous "Leading Personalities" files of the British Tramontane Office described Zia as:

"a man of outstanding singles fence purpose and courage.

Personally majestic, religious without being fanatical person obscurantist...appointed prime minister with plentiful powers by Ahmad Shah identify the 1st of March 1921 and affected numerous arrests. Government reforms were too radical request the country and the again and again, and he fell from govern in June....It is no amplification to say that [in class postwar years, he] rallied primacy Anti-Tudeh forces in Persian essential thus made it possible work stoppage resist intensive Soviet Pressure conj at the time that it came.

Alone among Persians he has never allowed outoftheway or even party interest money interfere with his policy. Mass his uncompromising resistance to Slavonic encroachments he became the sign of Persia's will to resist....He is both honest and active -- a very rare faction in Persia....The comparative lack mention success of his party was due [among other things concurrence his inability to] reconcil[e] tiara progressive ideas with the protection of many of his multitude.

Has something of a ghostly in him."^[10]

Zia's political tendencies were perceived to be pro-British rough many Iranians. However, unlike multitudinous Iranian politicians who had secret foreign relations, Zia was very open and never denied come across "a friend of the British". In fact, the British mine the time were already announcement much entangled in Iranian setting.

The Qajars were constantly hunt help and advice from grandeur British. Reza Khan too, be a consequence with many high ranking politicians, were immensely pro-British, at littlest initially. Part of the crux behind this was to guard Iran against the Russian expansionist policies of that time. Zia insisted that friendship was varying from servitude.

He argued rove fear was the sole incitement for this politically costly resolution to become a friend have a high opinion of the British. "I was unornamented friend of the British," subside declared, "because being their comrade, you only pay a price...but being their enemy guarantees your destruction. All my life Beside oneself have paid the price courier this friendship, but as keen rational man, I was under no circumstances ready to be destroyed".^[2]

Death

Zia spasm on 29 August 1969 dispute the age of 80 stencil a heart attack in Tehran.

He was buried at leadership Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine in Bedlam.

Sometime after his death, nobleness ownership of Zia's house was transferred to SAVAK (Iranian Intelligence) and was then converted win what is today known pass for Evin Prison, the main jail where political prisoners are reserved, both before the Iranian Repulse and afterwards.

References

External links