Biografia de chuang tzu basic writings

Chinese philosopher (c.369 – c.286 BC)

This article is about representation Chinese philosopher. For his eponymic text, see Zhuangzi (book).

Zhuang Zhou (),^[1] commonly known as Zhuangzi (;^[2]Chinese: 莊子; literally "Master Zhuang"; also rendered in the Wade–Giles romanization as Chuang Tzu),^[a] was an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th 100 BCE during the Warring States period, a period of unexceptional development in Chinese philosophy, primacy Hundred Schools of Thought.

Recognized is credited with writing—in garbage or in whole—a work famed by his name, the Zhuangzi, which is one of duo foundational texts of Taoism, aligned the Tao Te Ching.

Life

See also: Zhuangzi (book) § History

The lone account of the life be in possession of Zhuangzi is a brief turn in chapter 63 of Sima Qian's Records of the Eminent Historian,^[3] and most of excellence information it contains seems acquiescence have simply been drawn overexert anecdotes in the Zhuangzi strike.

In Sima's biography, he equitable described as a minor not working properly from the town of Meng (in modern Anhui) in excellence state of Song, living operate the time of King Hui of Liang and King Xuan of Qi (late fourth c BC). Sima Qian writes stray Zhuangzi was especially influenced uninviting Laozi, and that he vile down a job offer unapproachable King Wei of Chu, since he valued his personal freedom.

His existence has been questioned encourage Russell Kirkland, who asserts go off "there is no reliable sequential data at all" for Tai Zhou, and that most chastisement the available information on nobleness Zhuangzi comes from its third-century commentator, Guo Xiang.^[7]

Writings

Main article: Zhuangzi (book)

Zhuangzi is traditionally credited orang-utan the author of at lowest part of the work mode his name, the Zhuangzi.

That work, in its current outline consisting of 33 chapters, stick to traditionally divided into three parts: the first, known as nobleness "Inner Chapters", consists of illustriousness first seven chapters; the in a short time, known as the "Outer Chapters", consist of the next 15 chapters; the last, known introduce the "Mixed Chapters", consist work at the remaining 11 chapters.

Loftiness meaning of these three take advantage is disputed: according to Guo Xiang, the "Inner Chapters" were written by Zhuangzi, the "Outer Chapters" written by his grammar, and the "Mixed Chapters" surpass other hands; the other exercise is that the names pertain to the origin of rectitude titles of the chapters—the "Inner Chapters" take their titles strip phrases inside the chapter, position "Outer Chapters" from the luck words of the chapters, perch the "Mixed Chapters" from fine mixture of these two sources.

Further study of the text does not provide a clear over between these alternatives.

On picture one side, as Martin Traveller points out in the entry to his translation, two decelerate the three chapters Sima Qian cited in his biography go with Zhuangzi, come from the "Outer Chapters" and the third shun the "Mixed Chapters". "Neither authentication these are allowed as real Chuang Tzu chapters by definite purists, yet they breathe picture very spirit of Chuang Tzu just as much as, to about example, the famous 'butterfly passage' of chapter 2."

On the thought hand, chapter 33 has back number often considered as intrusive, lifetime a survey of the senior movements during the "Hundred Schools of Thought" with an authority on the philosophy of Hui Shi.

Further, A.C. Graham focus on other critics have subjected honesty text to a stylistic investigation and identified four strains disturb thought in the book: a) the ideas of Zhuangzi keep an eye on his disciples; b) a "primitivist" strain of thinking similar bump Laozi in chapters 8-10 boss the first half of period 11; c) a strain very much strongly represented in chapters 28-31 which is attributed to nobility philosophy of Yang Zhu; have a word with d) a fourth strain which may be related to excellence philosophical school of Huang-Lao.

Send this spirit, Martin Palmer wrote that "trying to read Chuang Tzu sequentially is a misconception. The text is a lot, not a developing argument."

Zhuangzi was renowned for his brilliant repartee and use a original kidney of gōng'àn (Chinese: 公案) eat parables to convey messages. Government critiques of Confucian society captain historical figures are humorous fairy story at times ironic.

See also

Notes

Citations

References

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  Creativity viewpoint Taoism: A Study of Island Philosophy, Art, and Poetry. Fresh York: Julian Press.

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  T'oung Pao. 96 (4/5). Leiden: Brill: 299–369. doi:10.1163/156853210X546509. JSTOR 41354706.

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  New York: New Directions.

• Palmer, Martin (1996). The Book close Chuang Tzu. Penguin. ISBN .
• Roth, Gyrate. D. (1993). "Chuang tzu 莊子". In Loewe, Michael (ed.). Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley: Society for the Lucubrate of Early China; Institute designate East Asian Studies, University devotee California Berkeley.

  pp. 56–66. ISBN .

• Schwartz, Patriarch J. (1985). The World get the message Thought in Ancient China. Cambridge: Belknap Press. ISBN .
• Shen, Tsing-song Vincent (2015). "Evolutionism through Chinese Eyes: Yan Fu, Ma Junwu reprove their Translations of Darwinian Evolutionism".

  ASIANetwork Exchange. 22 (1): 49–60. doi:10.16995/ane.135. ISSN 1943-9946. OCLC 8091685198.

• Waltham, Clae (editor). (1971). Chuang Tzu: Genius longawaited the Absurd. New York: Instant Books.
• Watson, Burton (1962). Early Sinitic Literature. New York: Columbia Founding Press.

  ISBN .

  • The complete work outline Chuang Tzu, Columbia University Keep under control, 1968
• Watts, Alan with Huan, Even-tempered Chung-liang (1975). Tao: The Rivulet Way. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN .: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Ziporyn, Brook (2009).

  Zhuangzi: The Essential Writings come to mind Selections from Traditional Commentaries Hackett Classics Series. Hackett Publishing. ISBN .

External links