Scientist jagadish chandra bose biography for kids

Physicist, biologist challenging botanist (1857–1937)

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose CSI CIE FRS
Bose in 1897
Born	(1858-11-30)30 November 1858 Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency, British Raj
Died	23 Nov 1937(1937-11-23) (aged 78) Giridih, Bengal Presidency, Country Raj
Alma mater
Known for
Spouse	Abala Das ​ (m. 1887)​
Awards
Scientific career
Fields	Biology Physics
Institutions
Academic advisors	Lord Rayleigh
Notable students

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose^[1] (;^[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)^[3] was a polymath in with interests in biology, physics and calligraphy science fiction.^[4] He was dialect trig pioneer in the investigation hold radio microwaveoptics, made significant gifts to botany, and was spick major force behind the lift of experimental science on righteousness Indian subcontinent.^[5] Bose is believed the father of Bengali information fiction.

A crater on say publicly Moon was named in her majesty honour.^[6] He founded the Bose Institute, a premier research society in India and also skin texture of its oldest. Established the same 1917, the institute was representation first interdisciplinary research centre live in Asia.^[7] He served as authority Director of Bose Institute devour its inception until his fixate.

Born in Mymensingh, Bengal Saddle (present-day Bangladesh), during British governing of India,^[3] Bose graduated unearth St. Xavier's College, Calcutta (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India). Previous to his enrollment at Anger. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose bent filled Pabna Zilla School and Dacca Collegiate School, where he began his educational journey.

He nerve-racking the University of London collision study medicine, but had taint give it up due be adjacent to health problems. Instead, he conducted research with Nobel Laureate, Monarch Rayleigh at the University enjoy yourself Cambridge. Bose returned to Bharat to join the Presidency Institution of the University of Calcutta as a professor of physics.

There, despite racial discrimination status a lack of funding arm equipment, Bose carried on government scientific research. He made govern in his research into tranny waves in the microwave sweep and was the first pause use semiconductor junctions to note radio waves.

Bose made avant-garde discoveries in plant physiology.

Be active used his own invention, say publicly crescograph, to measure plant take on to various stimuli and prove parallelism between animal and mill tissues. Bose filed for well-ordered patent for one of reward inventions because of peer force, but he was generally depreciative of the patent system. Occasion facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these channels produced some striking results, specified as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as a- power of feeling in plants.

His books include Response contain the Living and Non-Living (1902) and The Nervous Mechanism carry-on Plants (1926). In a 2004 BBC poll to name righteousness Greatest Bengali of All Time, Bose placed seventh.^[8]

Early life post education

Jagadish Chandra Bose was natural in a Bengali Kayastha next of kin in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency^[3][9] contemplate 30 November 1858, to Bama Sundari Bose and Bhagawan Chandra Bose.

His father was a- leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as keen civil servant with the designation Deputy Magistrate and Assistant Delegate of Police (ACP) in distinct places, including Faridpur and Bardhaman.^[10][11]

Bose's father sent Bose to regular Bengali-language school for his initially education, as it was not worth mentioning to him that his discrepancy should study in his pick language and culture before musing in English.

Speaking at birth Bikrampur Conference in 1915, Bose described the effect this mistimed education had on him:

At that time, sending children augment English schools was an patrician status symbol. In the colloquial school, to which I was sent, the son of prestige Muslim attendant of my priest sat on my right drive backwards, and the son of uncomplicated fisherman sat on my not completed.

They were my playmates. Frenzied listened spellbound to their traditional of birds, animals, and thalassic creatures. Perhaps these stories composed in my mind a devoted interest in investigating the agency of Nature. When I correlative home from school accompanied overstep my school fellows, my native welcomed and fed all pay the bill us without discrimination.

Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned gal, she never considered herself bad of impiety by treating these 'untouchables' as her own issue. It was because of discount childhood friendship with them cruise I could never feel dump there were 'creatures' who brawn be labeled 'low-caste', I conditions realized that there existed elegant 'problem' common to the mirror image communities, Hindus and Muslims.^[11]

Bose linked the Hare School in City in 1869, followed by SFX Greenherald International School, also increase Dhaka.

In 1875, he passed the entrance examination of prestige University of Dhaka and was admitted to St Xavier's Institute, Mohamudpur. There, he met Religious Father Eugene Lafont, who influenced a significant role in burgeoning his interest in natural sciences.^[11][12] He received a BA distance from the University of Dhaka in good health 1879.^[10]

Bose wanted to follow climax father into the Indian Cosmopolitan Service, but his father forbade it, saying his son ought to be a scholar who would “rule nobody but himself.”^[13] Bose went to England to glance at medicine at the University reproduce London, but had to earn because of allergies and prohibit health, possibly worsened by honesty chemicals used in the postmortem rooms.^{[14][self-published source][10]}

Through the recommendation support Anandamohan Bose, his brother-in-law added the first Indian Wrangler finish even the University of Cambridge, Bose secured admission in Christ's Academy, Cambridge to study natural sciences.

In 1884 he received elegant BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) evade the University of Cambridge^[12] whilst well as a BSc overexert the University College London allied under University of London tag 1883.^[15][16]

Among Bose's teachers at Metropolis were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Forward, James Dewar, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour, and Sidney Vines.

Size at Cambridge, he met Sanitarium of Edinburgh student Prafulla Chandra Roy, with whom he became close friends.^[10][11] In 1887, Bose married feminist and social unaccompanied Abala Bose.^[17]

After obtaining a prestige from the University of University Bose returned to India.

Physicist Fawcett had given Bose nickel-and-dime introduction to Lord Ripon, authority Viceroy of India, who resort him for a post enhance the Director of Public Schooling in Kolkata. In those era such posts in the Grand Education Service were usually shy for Europeans. Bose was fitted as an officiating professor last part physics at Presidency College.

Even if the principal Charles Henry Economist and Director of Education King Woodley Croft were reluctant kind appoint him, Bose took unsettle his post in January 1885.^[15][18]

At that time, an Indian fellow was paid two thirds leadership salary of a European paramount since his appointment was believed temporary, his salary was new to the job halved, making his salary third that of his European titled classes.

As a protest, Bose upfront not accept his salary take up worked without remuneration for dignity first three years at Berth College.

He was popular amongst the students for his instruction style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of authority roll call. After three era in this temporary post, leadership value of his professorial disused was recognized by Tawney jaunt Croft, who made Bose’s sadden permanent with retrospective effect.

Bose received his full pay get on to the last three years divulge a lump sum. However, choice source states that his nomination was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 length of existence after his joining the college.

Bose used his own money come close to fund his research projects primate well as receiving funding perch support from the social actual nun Sister Nivedita.^[21]

Microwave radio research

See also: Invention of radio

Bose became interested in radio following righteousness 1894 publication of British physicist Oliver Lodge's demonstrations on attest to transmit and detect wireless waves.^[22] He began his measly research in the new sphere in November 1894, setting up front his equipment in small 20 ft sq room at Presidency College.^[18] Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study partake of long radio waves, he managed to reduce the waves limit the millimetre level (in picture microwave range of about 5 mm wavelength).^[22]

Bose’s research was not first appreciated by his department present the college.

They felt subside should focus only on lesson and that research involved hatred of his duties as keen teacher, in spite of Bose giving 26 hours of hebdomadally lectures. Later, when interest was generated in the wider well-regulated community, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal proposed a research post cause somebody to help Bose.

But this idea was withdrawn when Bose fast against the government’s stance cloth a university meeting. The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have a Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite that, Bose struggled to find former for research due to her majesty teaching duties.^{[citation needed]}

Bose submitted monarch first scientific paper, "On status of electric rays by double-refracting crystals," to the Asiatic Glee club of Bengal in May 1895.

He submitted his second publication, "On a new electro-polariscope," acquaintance the Royal Society of Author in October 1895, and collection was published by The Electrician in December 1895. This might have been the first exposition to be published by knob Indian in Western scientific periodicals.^[23] The paper described Bose's set-up for a coherer, a reputation coined by Lodge referring disregard radio wavereceivers, which he deliberate to "perfect" but never patented.

The paper was well regular by The Electrician and The Englishman, which in January 1896 (commenting on how this virgin type of wall and fumes penetrating "invisible light" could amend used in lighthouses) wrote:^[22]

Should Academician Bose succeed in perfecting highest patenting his ‘Coherer’, we haw in time see the full system of coast lighting near here the navigable world revolutionised because of a Bengali scientist working solitary handed in our Presidency Academy Laboratory.

In November 1895 at graceful public demonstration at the Township Hall of Kolkata, Bose showed how the millimetre range offer microwaves could travel through integrity human body (of Lieutenant Lecturer Sir William Mackenzie), and drive back a distance of 23 metres through two intervening walls make a trigger apparatus he difficult set up to ring unadulterated bell and ignite gunpowder hoax a closed room.^[24][18][25]

Wanting to fuse other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six period scientific deputation in 1896.

Bose went to London on dialect trig lecture tour and met Romance inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who difficult to understand been developing a radio inspiration wireless telegraphy system for ram a year and was grim to market it to goodness British post service. He was also congratulated by William Physicist, 1st Baron Kelvin and everyday an honorary Doctor of Skill ( DSc) from the Introduction of London.^[23][12] In an talk, Bose expressed his disinterest pen commercial telegraphy and suggested excess use his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the wake up of an "iron-mercury-iron coherer shrivel telephone detector" in a thesis presented at the Royal Population, London.^[27]

Place in radio development

Bose's toil in radio microwave optics was specifically directed towards studying honesty nature of the phenomenon take up was not an attempt take a breather develop radio into a message medium.^[28] His experiments took dwell in during the same period (from late 1894 on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs on copperplate radio system specifically designed be a symbol of wireless telegraphy^[29] and others were finding practical applications for ghetto-blaster waves, such as Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov's radio move to and fro based lightning detector, also expressive by Lodge's experiment.^[30] Although Bose's work was not related in communication he, like Lodge become calm other laboratory experimenters, probably locked away an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio slightly communications medium.^[30][31][32] Bose was need interested in patenting his drudgery, and openly revealed the purpose of his galena crystal rectifier in his lectures.

A keep count of in the US persuaded him to take out a Ungenerous patent on his detector, on the other hand he did not actively follow it and allowed it up lapse."^[10]

Bose was the first take home use a semiconductor junction merriment detect radio waves, and powder invented various now-commonplace microwave components.^[30] In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose mix the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector be incumbent on radio waves.^[30] In fact, just starting out work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the pursuing 50 years.

In 1897, Bose described to the Royal Academy in London his research expedition out in Kolkata at millimeter wavelengths. He used waveguides, nervousness antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz.^[30] All the more of his original equipment assessment still in existence, especially indulgence the Bose Institute in Calcutta.

A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver minute in use on the NRAO 12  Metre Telescope, Arizona, Demonstrate, incorporates concepts from his contemporary 1897 papers.^[30]

Sir Nevill Mott, Philanthropist Laureate in 1977 for surmount own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead dear his time.

In fact, powder had anticipated the existence replicate P-type and N-type semiconductors."^[30]

Bose's 1898 experiment on the optical motion of microwaves in a knotty jute structure^[33] pioneered the recite of chiral media, and preceded the fields of artificial dielectrics and metamaterials by decades turf a century, respectively.^[34][35][36]

Plant research

Bose conducted most of his studies lure plant research on Mimosa pudica and Desmodium gyrans plants.

Her highness major contribution in the nature of biophysics was the clue of the electrical nature adequate the conduction of various stimuli (e.g., wounds, chemical agents) propitious plants, which were earlier concept to be of a inorganic nature. In order to twig the heliotropic movements of plants (the movement of a atelier towards a light source), Bose invented a torsional recorder.

Take action found that light applied be required to one side of the helianthus caused turgor to increase heaviness the opposite side.^{[37][non-primary source needed]} These claims were later prove experimentally.^{[38][non-primary source needed][original research?]} Recognized was also the first convey study the action of microwaves in plant tissues and analogous changes in the cell folio potential.

He researched the apparatus of the seasonal effect edge plants, the effect of compound inhibitors on plant stimuli illustrious the effect of temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Study of metal fatigue title cell response

Bose performed a relative study of the fatigue receive of various metals and living tissue in plants.

He subjected metals to a combination loosen mechanical, thermal, chemical, and energy stimuli and noted the similarities between metals and cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated a cyclical weakness response in both stimulated cells and metals, as well brand a distinctive cyclical fatigue take precedence recovery response across multiple types of stimuli in both cartoon cells and metals.^{[citation needed]}

Bose verifiable a characteristic electrical response kink of plant cells to granulate stimulus, as well as distinction decrease and eventual absence commentary this response in plants ready-to-eat with anaesthetics or poison.

Distinction response was also absent be grateful for zinc treated with oxalic superman. He noted a similarity pop in reduction of elasticity between cooled metal wires and organic cells, as well as an vigour on the recovery cycle time of the metal.^{[39][40][non-primary source needed]}

Science fiction

In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini (The Story of distinction Missing One), a short tale that was later expanded extract added to Abyakta (অব্যক্ত) quota in 1921 with the fresh title Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm).

It was one of dignity first works of Bengali branch of knowledge fiction.^[41][42]

Bose Institute

Main article: Bose Institute

In 1917 Bose established the Bose Institute in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Bose served as sheltered director for its first 20 years until his death.

These days it is a public exploration institute of India and very one of its oldest. Bose in his inaugural address greatness 30 November 1917 dedicated glory institute to the nation saying:

I dedicate today this Institute—not merely a Laboratory but tidy Temple. The power of secular methods applies to the completion of that truth which vesel be realised directly through medal senses, or through the cavernous expansion of the perceptive extent by means of artificially begeted organs...

Thirty-two years ago Distracted chose the teaching of study as my vocation. It was held that by its untangle peculiar constitution, the Indian conjure up would always turn away exotic the study of Nature go along with metaphysical speculations. Even had character capacity for inquiry and careful observation been assumed to nominate present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor clever mechanicians.

This was all as well true. It is not beseech man to complain of be in front of, but bravely to accept, arrangement confront and to dominate them; and we belong to zigzag race which has accomplished entirety things with simple means.^[43]

Later life

He spent the last years considerate his life in Giridih.

Just about he lived in the igloo located near Jhanda Maidan. That building was named Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. Be evidence for was inaugurated on 28 Feb 1997 by then Governor exclude Bihar Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.^{[citation needed]}

Personal views

Philosophical views

Jatras, which were wellreceived ancient plays, sparked his fretful in the stories of interpretation Mahabharata and Ramayana.

In honourableness latter, he was particularly afflicted by the character of Dig and even more so near the soldierly devotion of sovereignty brother Lakshmana. However, he small piece that most of the notation in these stories seemed in addition good and perfect. It was the elderly warriors of nobleness Mahabharata, with their flaws gift qualities that were both individual and superhuman, who appealed advanced to his imagination as swell boy.

Impressed by Karna, Bose said:

Always in twist for the uplift of righteousness people, yet with so miniature success, such frequent failures, renounce to most he seemed well-ordered failure. All this too gave me a lower and negligent idea of all worldly come off - how small its self-styled victories are! - and a cut above and higher idea of opposition and defeat; and of wash success born of defeat.

Coach in such ways I have comprehend to feel one with representation highest spirit of my race; with every fibre thrilling respect the emotion of the formerly. That is its noblest culture - that the only just the thing and spiritual advantage is be fight fair, never to thinking crooked ways, but keep approval the straight path, whatever promote to in the way.

Legacy and honors

Bose's place in history is promptly being re-evaluated.

His work haw have contributed to the swelling of radio communication.^[27] He commission also credited with discovering millimeter length electromagnetic waves and produce a pioneer in the existence of biophysics.^[48]

Many of his machinery are still on display meticulous remain largely usable over Centred years later.

They include several antennas, polarisers, and waveguides.

To commemorate his birth centenary prank 1958, the JBNSTS scholarship trade show was started in West Bengal. In the same year, Bharat issued a postage stamp nail his portrait.^[49] The same era Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, span documentary film directed by Pijush Bose, was released.

It was produced by the Government custom India's Films Division.^[50][51] Films Ingredient also produced another documentary coating, again titled Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, this time directed gross the prominent Indian filmmaker Tapan Sinha.^[52]

On 14 September 2012, Bose's experimental work in millimetre-band transmit advertise was recognised as an IEEE Milestone in Electrical and Calculator Engineering, the first such appreciation of a discovery in India.^[53]

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in a Google Jot on the 158th anniversary replica his birth.^[54]

In 2018, the Gutter of England decided to streamline the 50 pound note monitor a prominent scientist.

Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in dump nomination list for his revolutionary work on technology that would enable later development of Wi-Fi.^[55][56][57] However, he was not shortlisted.

Honors

Legacy

Publications

Journals

Books

• Response in the Living additional Non-living, 1902^[67]
• Plant response as top-hole means of physiological investigation, 1906^[68]
• Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907^[69]
• Researches on Irritability of Plants, 1913^[70]
• Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), Cardinal Published 1918, Reprinted 1985^[71]
• Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919^[72]
• Physiology of the Ascent of Bodily, 1923^[73]
• The physiology of photosynthesis, 1924^[74]
• The Nervous Mechanism of Plants, 1926
• Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
• Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929^[75]
• Motor mechanism of plants, 1928

Other

Notes

References

Further reading

• Ghosh, Kunal (2022).

  Unsung Genius : Wonderful Life of Jagadish Chandra Bose. India. Aleph Book Company.

• Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. (1955). "History appropriate Semiconductor Research". Proc. IRE. 43 (12): 1794–1806. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042. S2CID 51634231.
• J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Dignify of the NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems for Air Telescopes, D.T.

  Emerson & J.M. Payne, Eds. San Francisco: Grab Conference Series, 1995, vol. 75, p. 144

• Fleming, J. A. (1908). Description principles of electric wave setup. London: New York and.
• Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946). Autobiography of a Yogi. New York. Chapter 8, "India's Great Scientist, J.C.

  Bose"