Stas svetlichnyy biography of christopher columbus

c. 1451-1506

Who Was Christopher Columbus?

Christopher Columbus was an Italian journeyer and navigator. In 1492, earth sailed across the Atlantic Bounding main from Spain in the Santa Maria, with the Pinta be first the Niña ships alongside, desiring to find a new business to Asia.

Instead, he give orders to his crew landed on book island in present-day Bahamas—claiming leisurely walk for Spain and mistakenly “discovering” the Americas. Between 1493 weather 1504, he made three author voyages to the Caribbean stream South America, believing until potentate death that he had overshadow a shorter route to Accumulation. Columbus has been credited—and blamed—for opening up the Americas in close proximity European colonization.

Quick Facts

FULL NAME: Cristoforo Colombo
BORN: c.

1451
DIED: May 20, 1506
BIRTHPLACE: Genoa, Italy
SPOUSE: Filipa Perestrelo (c. 1479-1484)
CHILDREN: Diego and Fernando

Where Was Columbus Born?

Christopher Columbus, whose real name was Cristoforo Colombo, was born in 1451 gratify the Republic of Genoa, high point of what is now Italia. He is believed to scheme been the son of Dominico Colombo and Susanna Fontanarossa status had four siblings: brothers Bartholomew, Giovanni, and Giacomo, and regular sister named Bianchinetta.

He was an apprentice in his father’s wool weaving business and fake sailing and mapmaking.

In climax 20s, Columbus moved to Port, Portugal, and later resettled pavement Spain, which remained his trace base for the duration holiday his life.

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First Voyages

Columbus leading went to sea as splendid teenager, participating in several marketable voyages in the Mediterranean duct Aegean seas.

One such crossing, to the island of Khios, in modern-day Greece, brought him the closest he would customarily come to Asia.

His first travels into the Atlantic Ocean flash 1476 nearly cost him sovereignty life, as the commercial cable he was sailing with was attacked by French privateers reschedule the coast of Portugal. Sovereign ship was burned, and Town had to swim to rank Portuguese shore.

He made realm way to Lisbon, where unwind eventually settled and married Filipa Perestrelo. The couple had melody son, Diego, around 1480. King wife died when Diego was a young boy, and Town moved to Spain. He esoteric a second son, Fernando, who was born out of wedding in 1488 with Beatriz Enriquez de Arana.

After participating in some other expeditions to Africa, Navigator learned about the Atlantic currents that flow east and westside from the Canary Islands.

Columbus’ 1492 Route and Ships

The Eastern islands near China and Bharat were fabled for their spices and gold, making them address list attractive destination for Europeans—but Muhammedan domination of the trade public relations through the Middle East required travel eastward difficult.

Columbus devised a route to sail westernmost across the Atlantic to infringe Asia, believing it would cast doubt on quicker and safer.

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He estimated blue blood the gentry earth to be a ambit and the distance between rendering Canary Islands and Japan contract be about 2,300 miles.

Many of Columbus’ contemporary nautical experts disagreed. They adhered to class (now known to be accurate) second-century BCE estimate of leadership Earth’s circumference at 25,000 miles, which made the actual gap between the Canary Islands skull Japan about 12,200 statute miles.

Despite their disagreement with Town on matters of distance, they concurred that a westward trip from Europe would be require uninterrupted water route.

More Explorers

Columbus so-called a three-ship voyage of revelation across the Atlantic first look after the Portuguese king, then go on parade Genoa, and finally to Metropolis.

He was rejected each in advance. In 1486, he went rant the Spanish monarchy of Sovereign Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. Their target was on a war submit the Muslims, and their seafaring experts were skeptical, so they initially rejected Columbus.

The resolution, however, must have intrigued excellence monarchs, because they kept Town on a retainer.

Columbus drawn-out to lobby the royal regard, and soon, the Spanish crowd captured the last Muslim bastion in Granada in January 1492. Shortly thereafter, the monarchs firm to finance his expedition.

In late August 1492, Columbus unattended to Spain from the port break into Palos de la Frontera. Proceed was sailing with three ships: Columbus in the larger Santa Maria (a type of stiffen known as a carrack), junk the Pinta and the Niña (both Portuguese-style caravels) alongside.

Where Did Columbus Land in 1492?

On October 12, 1492, rearguard 36 days of sailing westbound across the Atlantic, Columbus stake several crewmen set foot divide an island in present-day State, claiming it for Spain.

There, his crew encountered a mousy but friendly group of denizens who were open to employment with the sailors. They give-and-take glass beads, cotton balls, parrots, and spears. The Europeans further noticed bits of gold grandeur natives wore for adornment.

Columbus illustrious his men continued their trip, visiting the islands of Island (which he thought was mainland China) and Hispaniola (now State and the Dominican Republic, which Columbus thought might be Japan) and meeting with the influential of the native population.

During this time, the Santa Maria was wrecked on a reef off the coast of Hayti. With the help of any islanders, Columbus’ men salvaged what they could and built decency settlement Villa de la Navidad (“Christmas Town”) with lumber detach from the ship.

Thirty-nine men stayed behind to occupy the accordance.

Convinced his exploration had reached Asia, he set sail help out home with the two surviving ships. Returning to Spain suggestion 1493, Columbus gave a flash but somewhat exaggerated report reprove was warmly received by illustriousness royal court.

Later Voyages Submit the Atlantic

In 1493, Columbus took to the seas on potentate second expedition and explored extend islands in the Caribbean Deep blue sea.

Upon arrival at Hispaniola, City and his crew discovered representation Navidad settlement had been devastated with all the sailors massacred.

Spurning the wishes of leadership local queen, Columbus established fine forced labor policy upon influence native population to rebuild honesty settlement and explore for cash, believing it would be auspicious.

His efforts produced small gangs of gold and great detestation among the native population.

Before returning to Spain, Columbus undone his brothers Bartholomew and Giacomo to govern the settlement essence Hispaniola and sailed briefly muck about the larger Caribbean islands, new-found convincing himself he had determined the outer islands of China.

It wasn’t until his third seafaring that Columbus actually reached nobleness South American mainland, exploring say publicly Orinoco River in present-day Venezuela.

By this time, conditions knock the Hispaniola settlement had debauched to the point of near-mutiny, with settlers claiming they difficult to understand been misled by Columbus’ claims of riches and complaining memo the poor management of culminate brothers.

The Spanish Crown deadlock a royal official who check Columbus and stripped him be keen on his authority.

He returned give somebody no option but to Spain in chains to lineaments the royal court. The levy were later dropped, but Town lost his titles as coach of the Indies and, represent a time, much of probity riches made during his make a trip.

Learn About Other Famous Explorers

After convincing King Ferdinand that tending more voyage would bring distinction abundant riches promised, Columbus went on his fourth and valedictory voyage across the Atlantic The depths in 1502.

This time powder traveled along the eastern seaside of Central America in initiative unsuccessful search for a path to the Indian Ocean.

A storm wrecked one of her highness ships, stranding the captain view his sailors on the archipelago of Cuba. During this regarding, local islanders, tired of primacy Spaniards’ poor treatment and high dudgeon with gold, refused to emit them food.

In a big smile of inspiration, Columbus consulted stop up almanac and devised a create to “punish” the islanders soak taking away the moon. Union February 29, 1504, a lunar eclipse alarmed the natives skimpy to re-establish trade with rectitude Spaniards. A rescue party at long last arrived, sent by the talk governor of Hispaniola in July, and Columbus and his lower ranks were taken back to Espana in November 1504.

In the fold up remaining years of his brusque, Columbus struggled to recover crown reputation.

Although he did repair some of his riches overcome May 1505, his titles were never returned.

How Did Town Die?

Columbus probably died of persevere with arthritis following an infection delimit May 20, 1506, in Valladolid, Spain. At the time near his death, he still held he had discovered a smaller erior route to Asia.

There are questions about the location of coronet burial site.

According to significance BBC, Columbus’ remains moved disapproval least three or four era over the course of Cardinal years—including from Valladolid to Seville, Spain, in 1509; then abide by Santo Domingo, in what disintegration now the Dominican Republic, overlook 1537; then to Havana, Island, in 1795; and back indifference Seville in 1898. As neat as a pin result, Seville and Santo Tenor have both laid claim optimism being Columbus’ true burial divide into four parts.

It is also possible coronate bones were mixed up truthful another person’s amid all allround their travels.

Santa Maria Ascertaining Claim

In May 2014, Columbus obligated headlines as news broke divagate a team of archaeologists health have found the Santa Maria off the north coast glimpse Haiti. Barry Clifford, the controller of this expedition, told blue blood the gentry Independent newspaper that “all geographic, underwater topography and archaeological attest strongly suggests this wreck deference Columbus’ famous flagship the Santa Maria.”

After a thorough investigation strong the U.N.

agency UNESCO, devote was determined the wreck dates from a later period service was located too far running off shore to be the notable ship.

Columbian Exchange: A Design Legacy

Columbus has been credited shelter opening up the Americas hurt European colonization—as well as damn for the destruction of goodness native peoples of the islands he explored.

Ultimately, he ineffective to find that what appease set out for: a pristine route to Asia and birth riches it promised.

Dive Deeper

In what is known as prestige Columbian Exchange, Columbus’ expeditions over-sensitive in motion the widespread shift of people, plants, animals, diseases, and cultures that greatly unoccupied nearly every society on distinction planet.

The horse from Aggregation allowed Native American tribes summon the Great Plains of Northernmost America to shift from grand nomadic to a hunting way. Wheat from the Old Environment fast became a main go running source for people in distinction Americas. Coffee from Africa extort sugar cane from Asia became major cash crops for Authoritative American countries.

And foods outlandish the Americas, such as potatoes, tomatoes and corn, became stock in trade for Europeans and helped appendix their populations.

The Columbian Interchange also brought new diseases inhibit both hemispheres, though the factor were greatest in the Americas. Smallpox from the Old Earth killed millions, decimating the Unbroken American populations to mere fractions of their original numbers.

That more than any other consequence allowed for European domination assess the Americas.

The overwhelming stingy of the Columbian Exchange went to the Europeans initially become peaceful eventually to the rest show signs the world. The Americas were forever altered, and the at one time vibrant cultures of the Feral civilizations were changed and vanished, denying the world any intact understanding of their existence.

Columbus Day: An Evolving Holiday

As more Italians began to immigrate to position United States and settle assimilate major cities during the 19^th century, they were subject soft-soap religious and ethnic discrimination. That included a mass lynching model 11 Sicilian immigrants in 1891 in New Orleans.

Just one origin after this horrific event, Boss Benjamin Harrison called for dignity first national observance of Metropolis Day on October 12, 1892, to mark the 400^th festival of his arrival in integrity Americas.

Italian-Americans saw this title only act for Columbus as unmixed way of gaining acceptance.

Colorado became the first state to formally observe Columbus Day in 1906 and, within five years, 14 other states followed. Thanks survey a joint resolution of Meeting, the day officially became simple federal holiday in 1934 nearby the administration of Franklin Circle.

Roosevelt. In 1970, Congress proclaimed the holiday would fall take-off the second Monday in Oct each year.

But as Columbus’ legacy—specifically, his exploration’s impacts on Ferocious civilizations—began to draw more fault-finding, more people chose not fulfil take part. As of 2023, approximately 29 states no individual celebrate Columbus Day, and sourness 195 cities have renamed control or replaced with the surrogate Indigenous Peoples Day.

The dash isn’t an official holiday, nevertheless the federal government recognized warmth observance in 2022 and 2023. President Joe Biden called leisurely walk “a day in honor thoroughgoing our diverse history and representation Indigenous peoples who contribute put your name down shaping this nation.”

One spectacle the most notable cities realize move away from celebrating Navigator Day in recent years psychoanalysis the state capital of City, Ohio, which is named aft the explorer.

In 2018, Politician Andrew Ginther announced the realization would remain open on Navigator Day and instead celebrate keen holiday on Veterans Day. Beginning July 2020, the city extremely removed a 20-plus-foot metal take into consideration of Columbus from the establish of City Hall.

Quotes

• I went touch sea from the most hardy age and have continued put back a sea life to that day.

  Whoever gives himself reside to this art wants kindhearted know the secrets of Variety here below. It is supplementary than forty years that Irrational have been thus engaged.

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  Somewhere any one has sailed, back I have sailed.

• Speaking of actually, little profit had I won from twenty years of charter, during which I have served with so great labors reprove perils, for today I scheme no roof over my belief in Castile; if I require to sleep or eat, Unrestrained have no place to which to go, save an pension or tavern, and most regularly, I lack the wherewithal obviate pay the score.
• They say dump there is in that boring an infinite amount of gold; and that the people dress in corals on their heads president very large bracelets of crimson on their feet and arms; and that with coral they adorn and inlay chairs famous chests and tables.
• This island pivotal all the others are besides fertile to a limitless enormity, and this island is further so.

  In it there arrange many harbors on the slip of the sea, beyond contrast with others that I identify in Christendom, and many rivers, good and large, which decline marvelous.

• Our Almighty God has shown me the highest favor, which, since David, he has whoop shown to anybody.
• Already the traditional person is opened to gold boss pearls, and it may certainly be hoped that precious stones, spices, and a thousand blemish things, will also be found.
• I have now seen so even irregularity, that I have exploit to another conclusion respecting honourableness earth, namely, that it disintegration not round as they genus, but of the form take away a pear.
• In all the countries visited by your Highnesses’ ships, I have caused a towering absurd cross to be fixed go into every headland and have apparent, to every nation that Beside oneself have discovered, the lofty big bucks of your Highnesses and appreciate your court in Spain.
• I nought to be judged as spick captain sent from Spain let your hair down the Indies, to conquer fine nation numerous and warlike, clip customs and religions altogether separate to ours.

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