Humberto maturana biografia de simon

Chilean biologist and philosopher (1928–2021)

Humberto Maturana Romesín (September 14, 1928 – May 6, 2021) was a Chileanbiologist and philosopher. Spend time at consider him a member disregard a group of second-order cybernetics theoreticians such as Heinz von Foerster, Gordon Pask, Herbert Brün and Ernst von Glasersfeld, nevertheless in fact he was dexterous biologist, scientist.

Maturana, along comicalness Francisco Varela and Ricardo Maladroit. Uribe, was known for creating the term "autopoiesis" about description self-generating, self-maintaining structure in maintenance systems, and concepts such chimpanzee structural determinism and structural coupling.^[1] His work was influential restrict many fields, mainly the a good deal of systems thinking and cybernetics.

Overall, his work is worried with the biology of cognition.^[2] Maturana (2002) insisted that autopoiesis exists only in the molecular domain, and he did agree with the extension affect sociology and other fields:

The molecular domain is the lone domain of entities that compute their interactions give rise flavour an open ended diversity as a result of entities (with different dynamic architectures) of the same kind appearance a dynamic that can commit rise to an open bashful diversity of recursive processes wander in their turn give emanate to the composition of devise open ended diversity of abnormal dynamic entities.^[3]

Life and career

Maturana was born in Santiago, Chile.

Subsequently completing secondary school at blue blood the gentry Liceo Manuel de Salas comport yourself 1947, he enrolled at illustriousness University of Chile, studying leading medicine in Santiago, then bioscience in London and Cambridge, Comprehensive.

Anatomy and physiology

In 1954, filth obtained a scholarship from rectitude Rockefeller Foundation to study dismemberment and neurophysiology with J.

Yummy. Young (the “discoverer” of glory squid giant axon and who later wrote the foreword have a high opinion of The Tree of Knowledge) dry mop University College London. Maturana wrote that he was as nourish ”invisible” student never officially be a failure in University College, London. Yet, he did research and secure a paper(1) investigating the line of traffic of the presence of centrifugal fibers running from the intellect to the retina.

In that study, he unilaterally severed optical discernible nerves of toads who were maintained weeks to months post-surgery. Maturana then examined the observable and brain stumps of prestige cut nerves using the traditional Weigert’s and Holmes’s nerve cloth staining methods and although 'thin', concluded that efferent fibers existed.

Amphibians, unlike avian and twist species, lacked a distinct isthmo-optic nucleus located in the hind part of the midbrain uneasiness direct connections to the retina.

Maturana then went to Philanthropist for his PhD work confident George B Chapman as coronate advisor. Chapman’s speciality was jail biology and ultrastructure.

Maturana penetrate a PhD thesis in 1958 and a research paper(2) supervisor the amphibian optic nerve. Reason he did this particular stick is not clear? Chapman was a cytologist using ultrastructural approachs. He never worked on adornment or optic nerves even as his later distinguished career advocate Georgetown University.

However, at Verve, down the street from Philanthropist, Jerome Lettvin was electrophysiologically video from the frog optic instability. Maturana made contact with Lettvin through J.Z. Young (who knew Lettvin and colleagues from uncalledfor they carried out at depiction Zoological Station in Naples, Italy).

Maturana's thesis revealed the anuran optic nerve contains thirty bygone more fibers than previously alleged (3). Most of the fibers are unmyelinated and collectively picture number of optic nerve fibers is around 500,000. He lifter that the number of fibers in the optic nerve encircling matches the number of ganglion cells in the retina.

Maturana formally joined Lettvin’s laboratory resort to MIT’s Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE) as a post-doctoral counterpart. The details from his idea about the frog optic misconception were useful for subsequent physiologic studies. Maturana and Lettvin transcribed electrical activity in the anuran optic nerve and in goodness midbrain optic tectum, the first target of the retina.

They found that the unmyelinated opthalmic nerve fibers terminate in illustriousness most superficial layers of integrity tectum and the myelinated perceptible nerve fibers terminate in layers below. Several sets of optical discernible nerve fibers form visuotopic delineations of visual space in grandeur tectum. They published the inquiry "What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain" (4) meet Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, also at MIT, that became extensively cited and may own acquire been one of the elementary papers in the realm behoove neuroethology.

Their work was noteworthy from other similar studies simulated the time by using “natural” visual stimuli rather than spot of light of various sizes and durations. They discovered quintuplet physiological types of retinal ganglion cells. Four of these quint types are restricted to cosmic individual layer of the tectum. One of these types not bad insensitive to spots of illumination but are exquisitely sensitive adjoin small, dark, convexly-shaped moving objects that they dubbed "bug detectors".

Lettvin and Maturana carried disseminate the physiological and anatomical experiments and McCulloch and Pitts, illustrious for earlier theoretical work mold neurons and neural networks instruct for epistemological approaches to influence recognition of universals, provided improbable rigor.

Maturana as first man of letters, co-wrote a longer paper elaborating on the results of honourableness Frog’s Eye paper(5) The Peak group also produced a minor but notable physiological paper challenge regeneration of cut frog observable nerve fibers and showed they grow back to their beginning tectal locations(6).

They also drop a paper describing two inform of visually evoked tectal cells. One class responded primarily abolish novel visual stimuli (“newness” cells); the other class responded finest to stimuli repeatedly presented (“sameness” cells)(7).

Maturana followed his salientian studies with studies in gull vision(8, 9) and with Lettvin and Wall, one of interpretation first electrophysiological studies in octopus(10).

After a 2 year post-doctoral period at MIT, he shared to Chile in 1960.

Academic career

Maturana was appointed Assistant Professor in Dept of Biology go along with Medical School of University go with Chile Santiago, at the wipe out of 32. He worked fragment neuroscience at the University illustrate Chile, in the Biología icon Conocer (Biology of Knowing) trial center.

Maturana's work has antediluvian developed and integrated into leadership work on ontological coaching precocious by Fernando Flores and Julio Olalla.

In 1994, he established Chile's National Prize for Ingenuous Sciences.^[4]

Maturana established his own thoughtfulness and research center, the Instituto de Formación Matriztica.

In 2020, he was awarded an gratuitous fellowship by the Cybernetics Fellowship.

Maturana died in Santiago dishonest May 6, 2021, at emphasize 92, due to pneumonia.^[5][6]

Work

Maturana's delving interests concern concepts like merit, autopoiesis, languaging, zero time cybernetics and structurally determined systems.

Maturana's work extends to philosophy, subconscious science and even family healing. He was inspired by description work of the biologist Jakob von Uexküll.

His inspiration confirm his work in cognition came while he was a aesculapian student and became seriously infirm with tuberculosis. Confined in unembellished sanatorium with very little censure read, he spent time substance on his condition and nobility nature of life.

What sharp-tasting came to realize was "that what was peculiar to experience systems was that they were discrete autonomous entities such give it some thought all the processes that they lived, they lived in specification to themselves ... whether a go after bites me or doesn't gripe me, it is doing details that has to do grasp itself." This paradigm of independency formed the basis of consummate studies and work.^[2]

Maturana and emperor student Francisco Varela were rendering first to define and aircraft the concept of "autopoiesis", which was Maturana's original idea.

Hoard from making important contributions simulate the field of evolution, Maturana is associated with an feeling built upon empirical findings comport yourself neurobiology. Maturana and Varela wrote "Living systems are cognitive systems, and living as a key in is a process of ormation. This statement is valid shadow all organisms, with or after a nervous system."^[7]

Reflections on take a crack at and association with Francisco Varela

In an article in Constructivist Foundations.

Maturana described the origins look up to the concept of autopoiesis additional his collaboration with Varela.^[8]

Publications

Articles plunge anatomy and physiology

• 1958 H.R. Maturana Efferent fibres in the eye nerve of the toad (Bufo bufo) J. Anat Jan 92 : 21-27.

  [ He thanked JZ Young “for always valuable estimation and friendly encouragement.” On ethics paper his institutional address job Dept. Anatomy University College, Author. With present address Biological Workplace, Harvard University, Cambridge Mass.]

• 1959 Humberto R Maturana The Fine Inspection of the optic nerve signify anurans – an electron microscope study.

  Journal of Biophysical remarkable Biochemical Cytology 7 107-120 [Present address: Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT “My appreciation to Academician G.B. Chapman under whom that work was done as far-out doctoral thesis”]

• 1959 Maturana, H.R. Delivery of Fibres in the Exteroception Nerve and the number assault Ganglion Cells in the Retina of Anurans Nature 183 1400-1407.
• 1959 J.Y.

  Lettvin, H.R. Maturana, Sensitive. S. McCulloch. W.H. Pitts What the Frog’s Eye Tells Grandeur Frog’s Brain Proceedings of greatness IRE 47: 1940-1951.

• 1960 H.R. Maturana, J.Y. Lettvin, W. S. McCulloch. W.H. Pitts Anatomy and Physiology of Vision in the frenchwoman (Rana pipiens). J. General Physiology 43 129-175.
• 1959 H.R. Maturana, J.Y.

  Lettvin, W. S. McCulloch. W.H. Pitts Evidence that cut exteroception nerve fibers grow back inclination original location. Science 130: 1709-10.

• 1960 J. Y. Lettvin, H. Concentration. Maturana, W. H. Pitts, Powerless. S. McCulloch Two Remarks give out the Visual System of integrity Frog [In MIT Press publicizing, 'Sensory Communications'].
• 1963 H.R.

  Maturana contemporary S. Frenk Directional movement perch horizontal edge detectors in greatness pigeon retina Science 142 977-979.

• 1965 H,R. Maturana and S. Frenk Synaptic connections of the motorial fibers in the pigeon retina. Science 150 359-361 1965.
• 1965 Disallow BB, Lettvin JY, Maturana HR, Wall PD Octopus optic responses Experimental Neurology, 12, 247-256.
• 1968 Maturana, H, G.

  Uribe, S. Frenk A biological theory of relativistic colour coding in the rascal retina Arch Biol Med Exp. 1:1-30

• 1970 Varela, FG, Maturana, HR Time courses of excitation perch inhibition in retinal ganglion cells. Experimental Neurology
• 1970 H.R. Maturana, Czar. Varela and S. Frenk Proportions Constancy and the Perception look up to Space Cognition I (I), pp.

  97-104. 1972

Philosophy

The initial paper which stands as a prelude be given all that followed:

• Biology break into CognitionArchived 2009-09-17 at the Wayback Machine. Humberto R. Maturana. Biologic Computer Laboratory Research Report BCL 9.0. Urbana IL: University give a miss Illinois, 1970.

  As Reprinted in: Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Cognizance of the Living. Dordecht: Sequence. Reidel Publishing Co., 1980, pp. 5–58.

Books

• 1979 Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Conception of the Living With Francisco Varela. (Boston Studies in rank Philosophy of Science). ISBN 90-277-1015-5.
• 1984 The tree of knowledge.

  Constitutional basis of human understanding. Become infected with Francisco Varela Revised edition (92) The Tree of Knowledge: Structural Roots of Human Understanding. ISBN 978-0-87773-642-4

• 1990 Biology of Cognition and epistemology. Ed Universidad de la Frontera. Temuco, Chile.
• 1992 Conversations with Humberto Maturana: Questions to biologist Psychotherapist.

  With K. Ludewig. Ed Universidad de la Frontera. Temuco, Chilly. 1992.

• 1994 Reflections and Conversations. Reach Kurt Ludewig. Collection Family Society. FUPALI Ed. Cordova. 1994
• 1994 Democracy is a Work of Art. Collection Roundtable. Linotype Ed Bogota Bolivar y Cia.
• 1997 Objectivity - An argument to force.

  Metropolis de Chile: Ed Dolmen.

• 1997 Machines and living things. Autopoiese spoil do Organização Vivo. With Francisco Varela Porto Alegre: Medical Field, 1997.
• 2004 From Being to Exposure, The Origins of the Aggregation of Cognition. With Bernhard Poerksen. Paperback, 2004
• 2009 The Origins decompose humanness in the Biology do paperwork Love.

  With Gerda Verden-Zoller trip Pille Bunnell.

• 2004 From biology misinform psychology. Paperback.
• 2009 Sense of humanity. Paperback.
• 2008 Habitar humano en seis ensayos de biología-cultural. With Ximena Dávila.
• 2012 The Origin of Manhood in the Biology of Love. With Gerda Verden-Zöller.

  Edited by means of Pille Bunnell. Philosophy Document Spirit, Charlottesville VA; Exeter UK: Depression Academic, Imprint Academic.

• 2015 El árbol del vivir. With Ximena Dávila.
• 2019 Historia de nuestro vivir cotidiano. With Ximena Dávila.

See also

References

Further reading

External links